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This is a calculator for the estimation of the voltage drop of an electrical circuit based on the wire size, distance, and anticipated load current. Please note this calculator assume the circuit is operate in a normal condition—room temperature with normal frequency. The actual voltage drop can vary depend on the condition of the wire, the conduit being used, the temperature, the connector, the frequency etc. It is recommended that the voltage drop should be less than 5% under the fully loaded condition.

The distance between a point P P P and a line L L L is the shortest distance between P P P and L L L; it is the minimum length required to move from point P P P to a point on L L L. In fact, this path of minimum length can be shown to be a line segment perpendicular to L L L.

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Basic Voltage Drop Law

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V_drop = IR Launch control 1 42 10.

where:
I : the current through the object, measured in amperes
R : the resistance of the wires, measured in ohms

Typical AWG wire sizes

When electrical current moves through a wire it must surpass a certain level of contrary pressure. If the current is alternating, such pressure is called impedance. Impedance is a vector, or two-dimensional quantity, consisting of resistance and reactance (reaction of a built up electric field to a change of current). If the current is direct, the pressure is called resistance.

All this sounds terribly abstract, but it's really not much different from water running through a garden hose. It takes a certain amount of pressure to push the water through the hose, which is like voltage for electricity. Current is like the water flowing through the hose. And the hose causes a certain level of resistance, depending on its thickness, shape, etc. The same kind of thing is true for wires, as their type and size determines the level of resistance.

Excessive voltage drop in a circuit can cause lights to flicker or burn dimly, heaters to heat poorly, and motors to run hotter than normal and burn out. This condition causes the load to work harder with less voltage pushing the current.

Experts say that voltage drop should never be greater than 3 percent. This is done by selecting the right size of wire, and by taking care in the use of extension cords and similar devices.

There are four basic causes of voltage drop.

The first is the choice of material used for the wire. Copper is a better conductor than aluminum and will have less voltage drop than aluminum for a given length and wire size. The electricity that moves through a copper wire is actually a group of electrons being pushed by voltage. The higher the voltage, the more electrons that can be sent flowing through the wire.

Ampacity refers to the maximum number of electrons that can be pushed at one time – the word ampacity is short for ampere capacity.

Wire size is another important factor in determining voltage drop. Larger wire sizes (those with a greater diameter) will have less voltage drop than smaller wire sizes of the same length. In American wire gauge, every 6 gauge decrease gives a doubling of the wire diameter, and every 3 gauge decrease doubles the wire cross sectional area. In the Metric Gauge scale, the gauge is 10 times the diameter in millimeters, so a 50 gauge metric wire would be 5 mm in diameter.

Still another critical factor in voltage drop is wire length. Shorter wires will have less voltage drop than longer wires for the same wire size (diameter). Voltage drop becomes important when the length of a run of wire or cable becomes very long. Usually this is not a problem in circuits within a house, but may become an issue when running wire to an outbuilding, well pump, etc.

Excessive voltage drop can cause loss of efficiency in operation of light, motors and appliances. This could result in lights that are dim and motors or appliances whose life is shortened. So it is important to use the right gauge of wire when running wires for a long distance.

Finally, the amount of current being carried can affect voltage drop levels. Voltage drop increases on a wire with an increase in the current flowing through the wire. Current carrying capacity is the same as ampacity.

The ampacity of a wire depends on a number of factors. Wires are covered with insulation, and this can be damaged if the temperature of the wire becomes too high. The basic material from which the wire is made is, of course, an important limiting factor. If alternating current is being sent through the wire, the speed of alternation can affect ampacity. The temperature in which the wire is used can also affect ampacity.

Cables are often used in bundles, and when they are brought together, the total heat which they generate has an effect on ampacity and voltage drop. There are strict rules about bundling cables which must be followed for this reason.

Cable selection is guided by two main principles. First, the cable should be able to carry the current load imposed on it without overheating. It should be able to do this in the most extreme conditions of temperature it will encounter during its working life. Second, it should offer sufficiently sound earthing to (i) limit the voltage to which people are exposed to a safe level and (ii) allow the fault current to trip the fuse in a short time.

These are important safety considerations. During 2005-2009, there was an average of 373900 fires per year caused by poor electrical installations. Choosing the right cable for the job is a critical safety measure.

L1, L01, L.1, L 1 or L-1 may refer to:

Mathematics, science and technology[edit]

Math[edit]

• L₁ distance in mathematics, used in taxicab geometry
• L¹, the space of Lebesgue integrable functions in mathematics

Science[edit]

• L1 family, a protein family of cell adhesion molecules
• L1 (protein), a cell adhesion molecule
• L₁, Lagrangian point 1, the most intuitive position for an object to be gravitationally stationary relative to two larger objects (such as a satellite with respect to the Earth and Moon)
• Anthranilic acid, also called vitamin L1
• The first lumbar vertebra of the vertebral column in human anatomy
• The first larval stage in the Caenorhabditis elegans worm development

Technology[edit]

• L1, one of the frequencies used by GPS systems (see GPS frequencies)
• L1, the common name for the Soviet space effort known formally as Soyuz 7K-L1, designed to launch men from the Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit
• ISO/IEC 8859-1 (Latin-1), an 8-bit character encoding
• An L-carrier cable system developed by AT&T
• The level-1 CPU cache in a computer
• Sony Xperia L1, an Android smartphone
• A class of FM broadcast station in North America

Transportation and military[edit]

• Lehrgeschwader 1, from its historic Geschwaderkennung code with the Luftwaffe in World War II
• Lufthansa Systems' IATA code
• Lawrance L-1, a predecessor of the 1920s American Lawrance J-1 aircraft engine
• Dulwich Hill Line, a light rail service in Sydney, Australia, numbered L1
• L1 (New York City bus), a temporary bus route in New York City
• Volkswagen L1, a Volkswagen concept hybrid car

Locomotives[edit]

• Erie L-1, an American 0-8-8-0 steam locomotive class
• GCR Class 1B, latterly known as LNER Class L1, a class of British 2-6-4T steam locomotives
• GNR Class L1, latterly known as LNER Class R1, a class of British 0-8-2T steam locomotives
• LNER Thompson Class L1, a class of British 2-6-4T steam locomotives
• NCC Class L1, a Northern Counties Committee 0-6-0 class steam locomotive
• Pennsylvania Railroad class L1s, an American 2-8-2 steam locomotive class
• Soo Line L-1 class, an American 2-8-2 steam locomotive class
• SP&S Class L-1, an American 4-4-0 steam locomotive class
• SR L1 class, a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives of Great Britain

Aircraft[edit]

• Arado L 1, a 1929 German two-seat parasol-wing sporting monoplane
• Macchi L.1, a 1915 Austro-Hungarian reconnaissance flying boat
• Stinson L-1 Vigilant, the US Army Air Forces designation for the Stinson Model 74 observation aircraft

Submarines[edit]

• USS L-1 (SS-40), a 1915 United States Navy L-class submarine
• HMS L1, a Royal Navy submarine

Other[edit]

• Ligue 1, the top division of French football
• LINE1 or L1, a transposable element in DNA

• L1, in linguistics, a subject's first language or mother tongue
• L-1 Identity Solutions, a US face-recognition corporation
• L-1 visa, a document used to enter the United States for the purpose of work
• L1, an abbreviation denoting someone is a Level 1 Judge, in reference to Magic: The Gathering
• L=1, a lunar eclipse classification on the Danjon scale
• L1, the postcode for central Liverpool, a major UK city

Containing L1

• ATC code L01Antineoplastic agents, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
• DSC-L1, a 2004 Sony Cyber-shot L series camera model
• Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial haplogroup from Africa
• Luxo L-1, a lamp
• Panasonic Lumix DMC-L1, a 2006 single-lens reflex camera

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See also[edit]

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