1. Habitat 1.0 Game
2. Habitat 1.0 Download

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an artificial-gravity calculator in JavaScript
[About the Calculator]

Copyright © 2000
Theodore W. Hall
Last revision: 2018-09-09

About the Calculator

Artificial gravity, as it is usually conceived, is the inertial reaction tothe centripetal acceleration that acts on a body in circular motion. Artificial-gravity environments are often characterized in terms of fourparameters: Macgo mac blu-ray player 2.17.2.

• Radius from the center of rotation.
• Angular Velocity or “spin rate.”
• Tangential Velocity or “rim speed.”
• Centripetal Acceleration or “gravity level.”

These four parameters are interdependent: specifying values for any twoof them determines the values of the other two as well.

The calculator assigns a priority to each parameter. Wheneveryou input a value, that parameter receives the highest priority. Thecalculator recomputes the two parameters with the lowest priorities –the two values least recently specified by you. It displays textbeneath each parameter to describe how it determined the value.

The calculator doesn’t update anything until your input iscomplete. Depending on your browser, you may need to press <Tab>or <Enter>, or click the mouse outside the text input area, to triggerthe update.

You can select the measurement unit for each parameter. When youchange a parameter’s unit, the calculator converts the numeric valuewhile holding the physical quantity constant. If you want to specify aparameter value in a unit other than the current selection, select the unitfirst, and then input the numeric value.

The calculator displays the formulae as proportions, designated by thesymbol ∝. If the angular velocity unit is radians/second, and ifthe other three parameter units are consistent (all meters and seconds, or allfeet and seconds), then the proportion is actually a numeric equality =. (You can verify this by selecting consistent units.) Else, there’sa constant multiplier (not displayed) to account for the unit conversions.

The colored “LED” in front of each parameter indicates how itsvalue compares to the “comfort zone” forartificial gravity, as proposed by several authors:

The value is too high for comfort or will require deliberate adaptation.

The value may be too high for immediate comfort – authors disagree. A period of adaptation may be necessary.

The value is in the comfort zone, with little or no adaptation.

The value may be too low for immediate comfort – authors disagree. A period of adaptation may be necessary.

The value is too low for comfort or will require deliberate adaptation.

If you resize the browser window, the formulae and LEDs may disappeartemporarily. They’ll reappear as you continue to change parametervalues. You can also reset everything by reloading the page.

Comfort Criteria

It should be noted at the outset that, in orbital habitat design, the choiceis not between artificial gravity and Earth gravity, but rather,between artificial gravity and microgravity. Upon entering microgravity,about half of all astronauts endure “space adaptation syndrome” thatlasts from one to three days[Connors, Harrison, Akins, 1985; Merz, 1986]. A similar period of adaptation to artificial gravity seems reasonable,considering the substantial health benefits that it offers versus prolongedweightlessness. It may not be necessary to provide immediate perfect“comfort” in artificial gravity, especially in smallexploration-class vehicles with select crew.

Deliberate architectural design for the unusual conditions of artificialgravity ought to aid adaptation and improve the habitability of theenvironment[Hall, 2006].

The calculator’s comfort indicators are based on the followingcriteria:

Radius
Because centripetal acceleration – the nominal artificial gravity– is directly proportional to radius, inhabitants will experience ahead-to-foot “gravity gradient”. To minimize the gradient,maximize the radius.

Angular Velocity
The cross-coupling of normal head rotations with the habitat rotation can leadto dizziness and motion sickness. To minimize this cross-coupling,minimize the habitat’s angular velocity.

Graybiel [1977]conducted a series of experiments in a 15-foot-diameter “slowrotation room” and observed:

In brief, at 1.0 rpm even highly susceptible subjects were symptom-free,or nearly so. At 3.0 rpm subjects experienced symptoms but were notsignificantly handicapped. At 5.4 rpm, only subjects with lowsusceptibility performed well and by the second day were almost free fromsymptoms. At 10 rpm, however, adaptation presented a challenging butinteresting problem. Even pilots without a history of air sickness didnot fully adapt in a period of twelve days.

On the other hand, Lackner and DiZio [2003]found that:

sensory-motor adaptation to 10 rpm can be achieved relatively easily andquickly if subjects make the same movement repeatedly. This repetitionallows the nervous system to gauge how the Coriolis forces generated bymovements in a rotating reference frame are deflecting movement paths andendpoints and to institute corrective adaptations.

Tangential Velocity
When people or objects move within a rotating habitat, they’re subjectedto Coriolis accelerations that distort the apparent gravity. Forrelative motion in the plane of rotation, the ratio of Coriolis to centripetalacceleration is twice the ratio of the relative velocity to thehabitat’s tangential velocity. To minimize this ratio, maximizethe habitat’s tangential velocity.

Centripetal Acceleration
The centripetal acceleration must have some minimum value to offer anypractical advantage over weightlessness. One common criterion is toprovide adequate floor traction. The minimum required to preservehealth remains unknown. For reasons of cost as well as comfort, themaximum should generally not exceed 1 g.

Hill & Schnitzer don’t explain their minimum limit of0.035 g. Compared to the others, it’s an outlier thatappears to be an arbitrary lower bound on their logarithmic graph.

Gilruth doesn’t explain his maximum limit of 0.9 g. Itmay be to allow for additional Coriolis accelerations without exceeding atotal of 1.0 g. This would be better addressed by minimizing theCoriolis accelerations, by maximizing the tangential velocity. Inparticular, in a large rotating colony with high tangential velocity and lowCoriolis acceleration, there should be no comfort problem with a centripetalacceleration of 1.0 g.

I have no data on the upper limit of “comfortable”acceleration. I’ve guesstimated values at which the indicatorshould transition from green to yellow to red. You may think thatI’ve set these limits too low. However, I’m interested inthe maximum acceleration that would be comfortable for normal activity withinthe habitat. This is undoubtedly less than the maximum accelerationtolerable while seated in a padded chair.

References

Connors, Mary M.;Harrison, Albert A.; Akins, Faren R.(1985). Living Aloft: Human Requirements for ExtendedSpaceflight(NASA SP-483, p. 35-51). NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch.

Cramer, D. Bryant(1985). Physiological Considerations of ArtificialGravity. In A. C. Cron (Ed.),Applications of Tethers in Space,Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, 15-17 June 1983(NASA CP-2364, vol. 1, p. 3·95-3·107). NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch.

Gilruth, Robert R.(1969). Manned Space Stations – Gateway to our Futurein Space. In S. F. Singer (Ed.),Manned Laboratories in Space(p. 1-10). Springer-Verlag.

Gordon, Theodore J.; Gervais, Robert L.(1969). Critical Engineering Problems of SpaceStations. In S. F. Singer (Ed.),Manned Laboratories in Space(p. 11-32). Springer-Verlag.

Graybiel, Ashton(1977). Some Physiological Effects of Alternation BetweenZero Gravity and One Gravity. In J. Grey (Ed.),Space Manufacturing Facilities (SpaceColonies): Proceedings of the Princeton / AIAA / NASA Conference, May 7-9,1975(p. 137-149). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Hall, Theodore W.(2006). Artificial Gravity Visualization, Empathy, andDesign(AIAA 2006-7321). 2nd International Space Architecture Symposium (SAS 2006), AIAA Space 2006Conference & Exposition, San Jose, California, USA, 19-21 September2006. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. PDF

Hill, Paul R.; Schnitzer, Emanuel(1962 September). Rotating Manned Space Stations. In,Astronautics(vol. 7, no. 9, p. 14-18). American Rocket Society.

Lackner, James R.; DiZio, Paul A.(2003). Adaptation to Rotating Artificial GravityEnvironments. In,Journal of Vestibular Research(vol. 13, p. 321-330). IOS Press.

Merz, Beverly(1986 October 17). The Body Pays a Penalty for Defying the Law ofGravity. In,Journal of the American Medical Association(vol. 256, no. 15, p. 2040-2041). American Medical Association.

Stone, Ralph W.(1973). An Overview of Artificial Gravity. In A. Graybiel (Ed.),Fifth Symposium on the Role of the VestibularOrgans in Space Exploration,Pensacola, Florida, USA, 19-21 August 1970(NASA SP-314, p. 23-33). NASA Scientific and Technical Information Division.

Software Versions

This version of Habitat uses the following software versions:

Locations and settings

This project assumes the following settings:

¹ Files referred are:

• .srcProjectHabitatcodeApp_ConfigEnvironmentProjectHabitat.Dev.config
• .srcProjectHabitatcodeApp_ConfigIncludeProjectHabitat.Website.config
• .gulp-config.js
• .publishsettings.targets
• .settings.ps1
• .buildassetssitecore-XP0.json
• .buildassetsxconnect-XP0.json

Prerequisites

Important!: Check the prerequisites before starting the installation.

• Do check the prerequisites of Sitecore Experience Platform in the release notes available on dev.sitecore.net
• Do check the Resources page for the tools needed
• Always run your Visual Studio or PowerShell Command Line with elevated privileges or As Administrator

The Sitecore install script will check some prerequisites, including running the SIF Prerequisites.json configuration.

Solr

The installation requires the Apache Solr search engine.Solr must be running as a Windows Service. This can be accomplished through running NSSM.Furthermore, Sitecore is secure by default and therefore Solr must be running as https.If your Solr environment is not currently running with HTTPS, you can create an SSL certificate for Solr by following these steps (make sure your Solr settings are correctly configured in settings.ps1):

1. Open an elevated PowerShell command line.
2. Run .buildGenerateSolrCertificate.ps1 to generate the certificate file in the correct location.
3. Add the following lines to the binsolr.in.cmd file in Solr:
   • set SOLR_SSL_KEY_STORE=etc/solr-ssl.keystore.jks
   • set SOLR_SSL_KEY_STORE_PASSWORD=secret
   • set SOLR_SSL_TRUST_STORE=etc/solr-ssl.keystore.jks
   • set SOLR_SSL_TRUST_STORE_PASSWORD=secret

Installation

1. Installing Sitecore

1. Clone or Download the Habitat repository to your local file system.
2. Download the correct version of Sitecore from dev.sitecore.net and place it in the .buildassets folder.
   • Habitat will install by default on an Sitecore XP Single, i.e. a standalone version of Sitecore CMS including xConnect.
   • The currently supported version is defined in the .settings.ps1 file
   • The installation requires the following files:
     • Sitecore package: .buildassetsSitecore X.X.X rev. XXXXXX (OnPrem)_single.scwdp.zip
     • Sitecore configuration: .buildassetssitecore-XP0.json
     • Sitecore SOLR configuration: .buildassetssitecore-solr.json
     • xConnect package: .buildassetsSitecore X.X.X rev. XXXXXX (OnPrem)_xp0xconnect.scwdp.zip
     • xConnect configuration: .buildassetsxconnect-XP0.json
     • xConnect SOLR configuration: .buildassetsxconnect-solr.json
     • Identity Server package: .buildassetsSitecore.IdentityServer X.X.X rev. XXXXXX (OnPrem)_identityserver.scwdp.zip
     • Identity Server configuration: .buildassetsIdentityServer.json
     • Certificate configuration: .buildassetscreatecert.json
     • Prerequisites configuration: .buildassetsPrerequisites.json
     • Single Developer configuration: .buildassetsXP0-SingleDeveloper.json
     • Sitecore license: .buildassetslicense.xml
3. Are you using system settings other than the defaults specified at the top of this page?
   • If yes, you need to update the files accordingly.
   • Include or omit trailing slashes as per the default setting in each file!
4. Open an elevated privileges PowerShell command prompt (started with Run as administrator)
5. Run .install-xp0.ps1
   • On subsequent runs of the install, you may use the -SkipPrerequisites flag to skip prerequisite checks.

2. Build and Deploy Habitat

1. Restore Node.js modules
   • Open an elevated privileges command prompt (started with Run as administrator)
   • Run npm install in the root of repository.
2. If gulp has not been installed globally, you can do so by running npm install -g gulp
3. Build and publish the solution using either:
   • Open an command prompt with elevated privileges and run gulp in the root of repository.
   • Use Visual Studio:
     • Open Visual Studio 2019 in administrator mode by right-clicking on its icon and selecting Run as administrator.
     • Open the Habitat solution.
     • Open the Visual Studio 2019 Task Runner Explorer pane (ViewOther WindowsTask Runner Explorer).
     • Switch to 'Solution 'Habitat'
       • Run the 'default' task

3. Rebuild search indexes

1. Rebuild the sitecore_master_index and sitecore_web_index to deploy the updated schema to Solr and index the deployed content.
   • This is required for Habitat search-based features to work properly.

Additional Information

Gulp

The project is configured to run Gulp through the command line or using the Task Runner Explorer pane in Visual Studio.

In the initial installation running the default task will execute all the configuration and building tasks for the solution. If for some reason setup fails, it is possible to run the install tasks one by one:

Habitat 1.0 Game

• Publish-All-Projects builds and publishes all the Visual Studio projects to the Sitecore website in the right order
• Apply-Xml-Transform makes the needed changes to the web.config and other existing configs in the Sitecore website
• Sync-Unicorn runs a complete synchronization of Unicorn for all projects in the right order

Helper tasks

• The Auto-Publish-[..] tasks help by automatically publishing files when they are changed.
  • The Auto-Publish-Css automatically publishes .css files when changed (Configure Sass compilation in Visual Studio)
  • The Auto-Publish-Assemblies task publishes assemblies as they are built using the standard Visual Studio build process
  • The Auto-Publish-Views task publishes .cshtml files when they are changed.

SMTP Settings

Habitat project uses the default Sitecore helpers to send emails.For this to work, you need to set the SMTP settings in Sitecore.config.

NOTE: If you are planning to use secure connections with your SMTP server you need to add following section to your web.config.

Facebook Login

Habitat 1.0 Download

Habitat demonstrates utilizing the Federated Authentication features of Sitecore to allow login via Facebook account. To enable this functionality:

1. Use IIS to add an SSL certificate and binding to your Habitat site (required by Facebook).
2. Register a Facebook App using a Facebook Developer Account.
3. Add the domain under which you are running Habitat to the App Domains setting of your Facebook App. By default this is habitat.dev.local.
4. Use the App ID and App Secret from your app settings to populate the Sitecore.Feature.Accounts.Facebook.AppId and Sitecore.Feature.Accounts.Facebook.AppSecret settings, by default found in FeatureAccountscodeApp_ConfigIncludeFeatureFeature.Accounts.config.